Finland
Republic of Finland
Europe Helsinki
Population
5.55M
Area
338,145 km²
GDP
$299.84B
GDP Per Capita
$55,600
Pop. Density
16/km²
Quick Facts
Currency
€euro(EUR)
Calling Code
+358
Timezone
UTC+02:00
Languages
Finnish, Swedish
Driving Side
right
Demonym
Finnish
Background
Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union, albeit with some loss of territory. During the next half-century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per-capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high-quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system, although the system is currently facing the challenges of an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland opted to join NATO; it became the organization's 31st member in April 2023.
Historical Trends
GDP (USD)
↑37.6% since 2006$217B (2006)$299B (2024)
Population
↑6.7% since 20065.3M (2006)5.6M (2024)
Life Expectancy at Birth
Latest: 81.7 years2006: 79.2 years2023: 81.7 years
Data source: World Bank Open Data
Geography18
Location
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia
Geographic coordinates
64 00 N, 26 00 E
Map references
Europe
Area
total : 338,145 sq km
land: 303,815 sq km
water: 34,330 sq km
land: 303,815 sq km
water: 34,330 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana
Land boundaries
total: 2,563 km
border countries: Norway 709 km; Sweden 545 km; Russia 1,309 km
border countries: Norway 709 km; Sweden 545 km; Russia 1,309 km
Coastline
1,250 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia
Climate
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
Terrain
mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills
Elevation
highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 164 m
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 164 m
Natural resources
timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
Land use
agricultural land
7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2023 est.)
forest
74.2% (2023 est.)
other
18.4% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
80 sq km (2016)
Major lakes (area sq km)
fresh water lake(s): Saimaa - 1,760 sq km; Paijanne - 1,090 sq km; Inarijarvi - 1,000 sq km; Oulujarvi - 900 sq km; Pielinen - 850 sq km
Population distribution
the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated
Natural hazards
severe winters in the north
Geography - note
long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
People & Society34
Population
total: 5,550,449 (2025 est.)
male: 2,750,057
female: 2,800,392
male: 2,750,057
female: 2,800,392
Nationality
noun: Finn(s)
adjective: Finnish
adjective: Finnish
Ethnic groups
Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami
Languages
Languages: Finnish (official) 85.9%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.7%, other 7.2% (2022 est.)
major-language sample(s):
World Factbook, korvaamaton perustietolähde. (Finnish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
World Factbook, korvaamaton perustietolähde. (Finnish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Lutheran 66.6%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, none 30.6% (2022 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 16.2% (male 464,939/female 444,585)
15-64 years: 60.3% (male 1,725,072/female 1,668,604)
65 years and over: 23.5% (2024 est.) (male 583,645/female 739,569)
15-64 years: 60.3% (male 1,725,072/female 1,668,604)
65 years and over: 23.5% (2024 est.) (male 583,645/female 739,569)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 62.3 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.3 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 39 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.6 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.3 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 39 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.6 (2025 est.)
Median age
total: 44 years (2025 est.)
male: 41.8 years
female: 44.9 years
male: 41.8 years
female: 44.9 years
Population growth rate
0.02% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
7.75 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
11.01 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
3.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated
Urbanization
urban population: 85.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.338 million HELSINKI (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
29.5 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total: 1.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 2.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 1.9 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 2.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 1.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 82.2 years (2024 est.)
male: 79.3 years
female: 85.2 years
male: 79.3 years
female: 85.2 years
Total fertility rate
1.28 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.63 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 10.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
3.61 physicians/1,000 population (2021)
Hospital bed density
2.8 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.2% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 8.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 1.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 1.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 1.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 1.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 18% (2025 est.)
male: 21.7% (2025 est.)
female: 14.3% (2025 est.)
male: 21.7% (2025 est.)
female: 14.3% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
57.1% (2023 est.)
Child marriage
women married by age 18: 0.1% (2017)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP): 6.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 12.1% national budget (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 12.1% national budget (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 20 years (2023 est.)
male: 18 years (2023 est.)
female: 21 years (2023 est.)
male: 18 years (2023 est.)
female: 21 years (2023 est.)
Government23
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Finland
conventional short form: Finland
local long form: Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)/ Republiken Finland (Swedish)
local short form: Suomi (Finnish)/ Finland (Swedish)
etymology: name derives from the Finns, an ethnic group in northeastern Europe; their name comes from the Germanic word finna, meaning "fish scale;" the local name, Suomi, may come from two local words: suo, meaning "marsh," and maa, meaning "land"
conventional short form: Finland
local long form: Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)/ Republiken Finland (Swedish)
local short form: Suomi (Finnish)/ Finland (Swedish)
etymology: name derives from the Finns, an ethnic group in northeastern Europe; their name comes from the Germanic word finna, meaning "fish scale;" the local name, Suomi, may come from two local words: suo, meaning "marsh," and maa, meaning "land"
Government type
parliamentary republic
Capital
name: Helsinki
geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the modern name is a Finnish derivation; King Gustav VASA of Sweden founded the city in 1550 as Helsingfors; the name came from Helsing, the Old Norwegian name for a local people, and the word fors, or "waterfall," referring to a waterfall at the city's original location on the Vantaa River
geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the modern name is a Finnish derivation; King Gustav VASA of Sweden founded the city in 1550 as Helsingfors; the name came from Helsing, the Old Norwegian name for a local people, and the word fors, or "waterfall," referring to a waterfall at the city's original location on the Vantaa River
Administrative divisions
19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]
Legal system
civil law system based on the Swedish model
Constitution
history: previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000
amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared "urgent" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only
amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared "urgent" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 6 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 6 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state
President Alexander STUBB (since 1 March 2024)
head of government
Prime Minister Petteri ORPO (since 20 June 2023)
cabinet
Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament
election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by Parliament
most recent election date
28 January 2024, with a runoff on 11 February 2024
election results
2024: Alexander STUBB elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Alexander STUBB (KoK) 27.2%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 25.8%, Jussi HALLA-AHO (PS) 19.0%, Olli REHN (Kesk) 15.3%; percent of vote in second round - STUBB 51.6%, HAAVISTO 48.4%
2018: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote - Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7%
expected date of next election
by 28 January 2030
Legislative branch
legislature name
Parliament (Eduskunta - Riksdagen)
legislative structure
unicameral
number of seats
200 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
scope of elections
full renewal
term in office
4 years
most recent election date
4/2/2023
parties elected and seats per party
National Coalition Party (KOK) (48); The Finns Party (PS) (46); Social Democratic Party (SDP) (43); Center Party (KESK) (23); The Greens (13); Left Alliance (Vas) (11); Other (16)
percentage of women in chamber
45.5%
expected date of next election
April 2027
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president; organized into 3 chambers)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68
subordinate courts: 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68
subordinate courts: 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights
Political parties
Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands)
Center Party or Kesk
Christian Democrats or KD
Finns Party or PS
Green League or Vihr
Left Alliance or Vas
Movement Now or Liike Nyt
National Coalition Party or Kok
Social Democratic Party or SDP
Swedish People's Party or RKP or SFP
Center Party or Kesk
Christian Democrats or KD
Finns Party or PS
Green League or Vihr
Left Alliance or Vas
Movement Now or Liike Nyt
National Coalition Party or Kok
Social Democratic Party or SDP
Swedish People's Party or RKP or SFP
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission
Ambassador Leena-Kaisa MIKKOLA (since 18 September 2024)
chancery
3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone
[1] (202) 298-5800
FAX
[1] (202) 298-6030
email address and website
sanomat.WAS@gov.fi
https://finlandabroad.fi/web/usa/mission
consulate(s) general
Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission
Ambassador Howard W. BRODIE (since 13 November 2025)
embassy
Itainen Puistotie 14 B, 00140 Helsinki
mailing address
5310 Helsinki Place, Washington DC 20521-5310
telephone
[358] (9) 616-250
FAX
[358] (9) 174-681
email address and website
HelsinkiACS@state.gov
https://fi.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
6 December 1917 (from Russia)
National holiday
Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
Flag
description: white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the cross is shifted to the left in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
meaning: the blue stands for the country's thousands of lakes, and the white for snow
meaning: the blue stands for the country's thousands of lakes, and the white for snow
National symbol(s)
lion
National color(s)
blue, white
National anthem(s)
title: "Maamme" (Our Land)
lyrics/music: Paavo Eemil KAJANDER, Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS
history: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted, the anthem has been popular since a student group first sang it in 1848
lyrics/music: Paavo Eemil KAJANDER, Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS
history: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted, the anthem has been popular since a student group first sang it in 1848
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Fortress of Suomenlinna (c); Old Rauma (c); Petäjävesi Old Church (c); Verla Groundwood and Board Mill (c); Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki (c); High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago (n); Struve Geodetic Arc (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Fortress of Suomenlinna (c); Old Rauma (c); Petäjävesi Old Church (c); Verla Groundwood and Board Mill (c); Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki (c); High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago (n); Struve Geodetic Arc (c)
Economy31
Economic overview
high-income, export-based EU and eurozone economy; major timber, metals, engineering, telecom, and electronics industries; emerging from recession triggered by inflation, weak consumer and export demand, and lower private investment; labor market reform plan to address structural rigidities
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $313.591 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $314.075 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $317.078 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $314.075 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $317.078 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2024: -0.2% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: -0.9% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 0.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: -0.9% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 0.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $55,600 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $56,200 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $57,100 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $56,200 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $57,100 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$299.836 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 1.6% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 6.3% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 7.1% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 6.3% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 7.1% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2.5% (2024 est.)
industry: 22.1% (2024 est.)
services: 62.9% (2024 est.)
industry: 22.1% (2024 est.)
services: 62.9% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
53.4% (2023 est.)
government consumption
25.6% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital
23.4% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories
-0.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services
43.1% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services
-42.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural products
milk, barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, pork, chicken, peas, rye (2023)
Industries
metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing
Industrial production growth rate
-2.2% (2024 est.)
Labor force
2.898 million (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2024: 8.3% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 7.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 6.8% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 7.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 6.8% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 19.2% (2024 est.)
male: 20% (2024 est.)
female: 18.3% (2024 est.)
male: 20% (2024 est.)
female: 18.3% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line
12.2% (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 27.9 (2022 est.)
Average household expenditures
on food: 12.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 4.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 4.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 3.8% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 23.1% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 23.1% (2022 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 0.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Budget
revenues: $126.337 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $131.978 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $131.978 billion (2023 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2017: 61.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
25.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $930.393 million (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$1.58 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$7.026 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$1.58 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$7.026 billion (2022 est.)
Exports
Exports 2024: $124.531 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $127.098 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $129.389 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $127.098 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $129.389 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - partners
USA 11%, Germany 11%, Sweden 10%, Netherlands 7%, China 5% (2023)
Exports - commodities
paper, refined petroleum, steel, wood pulp, ships (2023)
Imports
Imports 2024: $122.644 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $126.175 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $135.119 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $126.175 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $135.119 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - partners
Germany 14%, Sweden 12%, China 9%, Norway 8%, Netherlands 5% (2023)
Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $17.993 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $16.929 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $16.036 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $16.929 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $16.036 billion (2022 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024
0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020
0.876 (2020 est.)
Energy8
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 26.782 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 77.419 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 7.883 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 9.644 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 2.721 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption: 77.419 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 7.883 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 9.644 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 2.721 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels
5.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear
41.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar
0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind
18.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
19.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste
13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 5 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 4.37GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 42% (2025 est.)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 4.37GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 42% (2025 est.)
Coal
production: 811,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 3.933 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 113,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 2.624 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 3.933 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 113,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 2.624 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 8,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 172,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 172,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Natural gas
consumption: 1.55 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 479.457 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 2.112 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 479.457 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 2.112 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 183.54 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Communications6
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 158,000 (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 7.07 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media
3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are digital; 13 national and 25 regional public radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters
Internet country code
.fi
Internet users
percent of population: 94% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 1.98 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)
Transportation6
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
OH
Airports
98 (2025)
Heliports
17 (2025)
Railways
total: 5,918 km (2020) 3,349 km electrified
Merchant marine
total: 282 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 9, general cargo 75, oil tanker 4, other 194
by type: bulk carrier 9, general cargo 75, oil tanker 4, other 194
Ports
total ports
37 (2024)
large
5
medium
7
small
11
very small
14
ports with oil terminals
21
key ports
Helsinki, Kaskinen, Kokkola, Kotka, Kristinestad, Mantyluoto, Oulu, Pietarsaari, Pori, Rauma, Turku, Vaasa
Military & Security7
Military and security forces
Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2025)
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2025: 2.8% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 2.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 2.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 2.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 2.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 31,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory consists of a mix of modern European, Israeli, South Korean, US, and domestically produced weapons systems; the Finnish defense industry produces a variety of military equipment, including wheeled armored vehicles and naval vessels; Finland also cooperates with other European countries and the US in the joint production of armaments (2025)
Military service age and obligation
all Finnish men are obligated to serve 5.5-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard upon reaching the age of 18 (length of service depends on the type of duty); women 18-29 may volunteer for service; there is also an option to perform non-military service which lasts for 8.5 or 11.5 months; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2025)
Military deployments
165 Lebanon (UNIFIL); Finland also contributes to several ongoing EU and NATO missions (2025)
Military - note
the Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) are focused primarily on territorial defense, which is based on having a large, trained reserve force created by general conscription; other FDF responsibilities include support to international peacekeeping operations and some domestic security duties, such as assisting the National Police in maintaining law and order in crises
the FDF is also focused on fulfilling its commitment to NATO; following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland applied for NATO membership, gaining entry in April 2023; Finland had been part of NATO’s Partnership for Peace program since 1994 and participated in NATO-led military missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq; in 2024, it joined NATO's Air Policing mission in Eastern Europe
Finland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and actively participates in EU crisis management missions and operations; the FDF also cooperates closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation structure (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and involves cooperation in such areas as armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; Sweden, the UK, and the US are close bi-lateral defense partners; in 2022, Finland signed a mutual security agreement with the UK, and since 2014 has been part of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2025)
the FDF is also focused on fulfilling its commitment to NATO; following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland applied for NATO membership, gaining entry in April 2023; Finland had been part of NATO’s Partnership for Peace program since 1994 and participated in NATO-led military missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq; in 2024, it joined NATO's Air Policing mission in Eastern Europe
Finland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and actively participates in EU crisis management missions and operations; the FDF also cooperates closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation structure (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and involves cooperation in such areas as armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; Sweden, the UK, and the US are close bi-lateral defense partners; in 2022, Finland signed a mutual security agreement with the UK, and since 2014 has been part of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2025)
Transnational Issues1
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 97,568 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 1,326 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 1,326 (2024 est.)