Russia
Russian Federation
Population
140.13M
Area
17,098,242 km²
GDP
$2.17T
GDP Per Capita
$41,700
Pop. Density
8/km²
Quick Facts
Currency
₽Russian ruble(RUB)
Calling Code
+73
Primary Timezone
UTC+03:00
+8 more
Languages
Russian
Driving Side
right
Demonym
Russian
Background
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy emerged from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and gradually conquered and absorbed surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow of the ROMANOV Dynasty in 1917. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist control and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal US adversary during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism. His initiatives inadvertently released political and economic forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states. In response to the ensuing turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth.
In 2014, Russia purported to annex Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and occupied large portions of two eastern Ukrainian oblasts. In sporadic fighting over the next eight years, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian invasion in eastern Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion received near-universal international condemnation, and many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. In September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- even though none were fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community.
Historical Trends
GDP (USD)
↑119.6% since 2006Population
↑0.3% since 2006Life Expectancy at Birth
Latest: 73.3 yearsData source: World Bank Open Data
Geography21
Location
North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates
60 00 N, 100 00 E
Map references
Asia
Area
land: 16,377,742 sq km
water: 720,500 sq km
Area - comparative
approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
Land boundaries
border countries: Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km
Coastline
37,653 km
Maritime claims
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Terrain
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
Elevation
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
mean elevation: 600 m
Natural resources
wide natural-resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber
Land use
agricultural land
agricultural land: arable land
agricultural land: permanent crops
agricultural land: permanent pasture
forest
other
Irrigated land
43,000 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km)
salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km
note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake
Major rivers (by length in km)
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)
Major aquifers
Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin
Population distribution
population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
Natural hazards
volcanism: Kamchatka Peninsula is home to 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m) is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note
note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes
note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water
note 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany after World War II; its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice-free in the winter
People & Society35
Population
male: 65,166,555
female: 74,967,724
Nationality
adjective: Russian
Ethnic groups
Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)
Languages
major-language sample(s):
Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
Age structure
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)
65 years and over: 17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)
Dependency ratios
youth dependency ratio: 24.7 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 27.9 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.6 (2025 est.)
Median age
male: 39.4 years
female: 44.5 years
Population growth rate
-0.49% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
8.27 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
13.93 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
Urbanization
rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)
Sex ratio
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female
total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
25.2 years (2013 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
9 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male: 7.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth
male: 67.4 years
female: 77.4 years
Total fertility rate
1.52 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.74 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: urban
improved: rural
improved: total
unimproved: urban
unimproved: rural
unimproved: total
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 13.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
5.11 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Hospital bed density
7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban
improved: rural
improved: total
unimproved: urban
unimproved: rural
unimproved: total
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.1% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer: 3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
male: 40.2% (2025 est.)
female: 15.1% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
57.6% (2021 est.)
Child marriage
women married by age 18: 6.2% (2017)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% national budget): 14.3% national budget (2018 est.)
Literacy
male: 99.9% (2021 est.)
female: 99.9% (2021 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)
Government26
Country name
conventional long form
conventional short form
local long form
local short form
former
etymology
Government type
semi-presidential federation
Capital
name
geographic coordinates
time difference
daylight saving time
time zone note
etymology
Administrative divisions
oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (Gatchina), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl
republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
autonomous districts: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
federal subjects: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol, Zabaykalsk [Transbaikal] (Chita)
federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]
autonomous province: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
Legal system
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Constitution
amendment process: proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 3-5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state
head of government
cabinet
election/appointment process
most recent election date
election results
2024: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2%
2018: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0
expected date of next election
Legislative branch
legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber
chamber name
number of seats
electoral system
scope of elections
term in office
most recent election date
parties elected and seats per party
percentage of women in chamber
expected date of next election
Legislative branch - upper chamber
number of seats: 170 (all appointed)
percentage of women in chamber: 18.5%
Judicial branch
judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life
subordinate courts: regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts (the 21 Russian republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions)
Political parties
Civic Platform or CP
Communists of Russia or CPCR
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF
Cossack Party of the Russian Federation or CosPRF
Democratic Party of Russia or DPR
Green Alternative or GA
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR
New People or NP
Party for Fairness! or PARZAS!
Party of Direct Democracy or PDD
Party of Progress or PP
Party of Pensioners or RPPSJ
Party of Russia's Rebirth or PRR
Party of Social Protection or PSP
Rodina
Russian Ecological Party or The Greens
Russian Party of Freedom and Justice or RPFJ
Russia United Democratic Party or Yabloko
United Russia or UR
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission
chancery
telephone
FAX
email address and website
rusembusa@mid.ru
https://washington.mid.ru/en/
consulate(s) general
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission
embassy
mailing address
telephone
FAX
email address and website
MoscowACS@state.gov
https://ru.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general
International organization participation
APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)
National holiday
Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
Flag
meaning: colors may have been based on the Dutch flag, but no official meaning is assigned
history: created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval flag until the 19th century
National symbol(s)
bear, double-headed eagle
National color(s)
white, blue, red
National coat of arms
the current coat of arms of Russia was adopted by presidential decree on 30 November 1993; the double-headed eagle was adopted as a Russian symbol in 1472 when Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, niece of the last Byzantine emperor in Constantinople -- the eagle was her family's emblem
National anthem(s)
lyrics/music: Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV
history: adopted 2000; Russia adopted the tune of the Soviet Union's anthem (composed in 1939), as well as new lyrics; MIKHALKOV, who wrote the new lyrics, also authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943
National heritage
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c); Rock Paintings of Shulgan-Tash Cave (c)
Economy32
Economic overview
natural resource-rich Eurasian economy; leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia; decreased oil export reliance; endemic corruption, Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $5.835 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $5.607 trillion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 4.1% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: -1.4% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2023: $39,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $38,200 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$2.174 trillion (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: 3.4% (2020 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019: 4.5% (2019 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry: 30.7% (2024 est.)
services: 57.5% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
government consumption
investment in fixed capital
investment in inventories
exports of goods and services
imports of goods and services
Agricultural products
wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, pork (2023)
Industries
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate
4.1% (2024 est.)
Labor force
72.517 million (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2023: 3.1% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 3.9% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male: 8.8% (2024 est.)
female: 9.8% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line
12.1% (2020 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Average household expenditures
on alcohol and tobacco: 5.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
highest 10%: 26.6% (2021 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2023: 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Budget
expenditures: $635.809 billion (2023 est.)
Public debt
Taxes and other revenues
12.1% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2023: $49.439 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $237.735 billion (2022 est.)
Exports
Exports 2023: $465.22 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $640.878 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - partners
China 33%, India 17%, Turkey 8%, Kazakhstan 4%, Brazil 3% (2023)
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, fertilizers (2023)
Imports
Imports 2023: $379.659 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $347.384 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - partners
China 53%, Turkey 5%, Germany 5%, Kazakhstan 5%, Italy 2% (2023)
Imports - commodities
cars, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, garments, plastic products (2023)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $581.71 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021: $632.242 billion (2021 est.)
Debt - external
Exchange rates
Currency
Exchange rates 2023
Exchange rates 2022
Exchange rates 2021
Exchange rates 2020
Exchange rates 2019
Energy8
Electricity access
electrification - urban areas: 99.1%
electrification - rural areas: 100%
Electricity
consumption: 1.011 trillion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 18.66 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 2.852 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 97.301 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels
nuclear
solar
wind
hydroelectricity
biomass and waste
Nuclear energy
Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 4 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 26.8GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 18.4% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 11 (2025)
Coal
consumption: 290.763 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 211.944 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 20.765 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 162.166 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 3.863 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 80 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
consumption: 474.448 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 124.479 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 5.724 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 47.805 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Communications6
Telephones - fixed lines
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 186 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media
13 national TV stations: the federal government owns 1 and controls a second, state-owned Gazprom controls 2, state-affiliated Bank Rossiya controls 2, Moscow city administration runs 1, the Russian Orthodox Church owns 1, and the Russian military owns 1; around 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations, with over two-thirds completely or partially state-controlled; satellite TV available; 2 state-run national radio networks, with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; around 2,400 public and commercial radio stations
Internet country code
.ru
Internet users
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 25 (2022 est.)
Transportation6
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
RA
Airports
905 (2025)
Heliports
494 (2025)
Railways
narrow gauge: 957 km
Merchant marine
by type: bulk carrier 15, container ship 20, general cargo 976, oil tanker 387, other 1,512
Ports
total ports
large
medium
small
very small
size unknown
ports with oil terminals
key ports
Military & Security7
Military and security forces
Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (FSVNG, National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya)
Federal Security Services (FSB): Federal Border Guard Service (includes land and maritime forces) (2025)
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2023: 5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 4.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
estimated 1.1-1.2 million active Armed Forces; estimated 350,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Russia has imported military hardware from external suppliers such as Iran and North Korea to support its war on Ukraine; the Russian defense industry is capable of producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is one of the world's largest exporters of military hardware (2025)
Military service age and obligation
18-30 years of age for compulsory service for men; 18-65 years of age for voluntary/contractual service; women and non-Russian citizens (18-30) may volunteer; minimum 12-month service obligation (2025)
Military deployments
estimated 600,000 in Ukraine; more than 20,000 additional military personnel deployed in former Soviet states and elsewhere, including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Moldova, Syria, sub-Saharan Africa, and Tajikistan (2025)
Military - note
in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, beginning what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s province of Crimea in 2014, and Moscow subsequently backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022
Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the Syrian Government from September 2015 until the collapse of the ASAD regime in December 2024; it was Moscow’s first overseas military expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and training; Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2025)
Transnational Issues2
Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: 172,783 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 90,185 (2024 est.)